Database Questions And Answers

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  Functional Dependency is the starting point of normalization. It exists when a relation between two attributes allow you to determine the corresponding attribute's value uniquely. The functional dependency is also known as database dependency and...

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  In E-R diagram, entities are represented by rectangles, relationships are represented by diamonds, attributes are the characteristics of entities and represented by ellipses, and data flow is represented through a straight line. The Entity is a set...

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• 25 Database Interview Questions And Answers

  An extension of an entity type is specified as a collection of entities of a particular entity type that are grouped into an entity set. An entity set that doesn't have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is referred to as a weak entity set. The member of a weak entity set is known as a subordinate entity. Weak entity set does not have a primary key, but we need a mean to differentiate among all those entries in the entity set that depend on one particular strong entity set. An attribute refers to a database component. It is used to describe the property of an entity. An attribute can be defined as the characteristics of the entity.

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• Top 20 Database Administrator Interview Questions & Answers

  Entities can be uniquely identified using the attributes. Attributes represent the instances in the row of the database. For example: If a student is an entity in the table then age will be the attribute of that student. Data integrity is one significant aspect while maintaining the database. So, data integrity is enforced in the database system by imposing a series of rules. Those set of integrity is known as the integrity rules. Extension: The Extension is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. It changes as the tuples are created, updated and destroyed. The actual data in the database change quite frequently. So, the data in the database at a particular moment in time is known as extension or database state or snapshot. It is time dependent. Intension: Intension is also known as Data Schema and defined as the description of the database, which is specified during database design and is expected to remain unchanged. The Intension is a constant value that gives the name, structure of tables and the constraints laid on it.

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• Top 50 SQL Interview Questions And Answers (2021 Update)

  How many of its two major subsystems? System R is the first implementation of SQL, which is the standard relational data query language, and it was also the first to demonstrate that RDBMS could provide better transaction processing performance. It is a prototype which is formed to show that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real-life environment to solve real-life problems. Data independence specifies that "the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data. It makes you able to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level. There are two types of Data Independence: Physical Data Independence: Physical data is the data stored in the database. It is in the bit-format. Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.

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• 300+ TOP Database Management System Questions And Answers

  For example: If we want to manipulate the data inside any table that should not change the format of the table. Logical Data Independence: Logical data in the data about the database. It basically defines the structure. Such as tables stored in the database. Modification in logical level should not affect the view level. For example: If we need to modify the format of any table, that modification should not affect the data inside it. Following are three levels of data abstraction: Physical level: It is the lowest level of abstraction. It describes how data are stored. Logical level: It is the next higher level of abstraction. It describes what data are stored in the database and what relationship among those data. View level: It is the highest level of data abstraction. It describes only part of the entire database. For example- User interact with the system using the GUI and fill the required details, but the user doesn't have any idea how the data is being used.

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• Database Management Systems (DBMS) Aptitude Questions And Answers

  And lastly, physical level in which storage blocks are described. The Join operation is one of the most useful activities in relational algebra. It is most commonly used way to combine information from two or more relations. A Join is always performed on the basis of the same or related column. There are following types of join: Inner joins: Inner join is of 3 categories. They are: Theta join.

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• Database Interview Questions And Answers To Help You Prepare

  Answer: In DBMS, 2-Tier architecture is a type of database architecture where the UI or view layer also called the presentation runs on a client machine desktop, laptop, tablet, phone, etc. Question: Explain the different types of database keys? Super Key: single key or set of multiple keys that identifies rows of a table. Candidate Key: A set of attributes which identify tuples of a table uniquely. It is essentially a super key without repeated attributes. Alternate Key: One or more columns of a table that collectively identify each of a table uniquely.

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• 50 SQL Query Questions And Answers For Practice

  Foreign Key: A common column that defines the relationship between two tables. Answer: Normalization is an important process that removes redundancy from a set of relations. It can reduce the irregularities in the insert, delete and update by dividing huge tables into smaller tables and use keys to link them. Answer: Entity: An entity is an object with physical existence that is independent and can be differentiated with other objects: example, an employee, student, course, job etc. Entity type: can be said as the collection of similar entities.

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• DBMS Interview Questions

  Entity set: Entity set is a combination of entities of one type at any point in time. Answer: Atomicity means that all the actions are carried out at once, or none is carried out. This means that if a transaction is incomplete or fails in between everything will be rolled back to a previous stable state. We use aggregation to express relationships between various entities. Answer: Correlated subqueries are subqueries that are executed once for each row processed by its main statement. Answer: The two-tier architecture follows a client-server architecture. There is a straight communication link between client and server. Two-tier architecture gives high performance as there is no middle layer. The client can be any device like mobile, desktop, laptop etc.

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  The business layer acts as a middle tier that separates the business logic from the presentation and data layer for better reusability, data integrity, scalability and performance. Question: Differentiate between Trigger and Stored Procedures Answer: Stored procedures can be invoked explicitly by the user. It can take certain input parameters and can return output values.

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• Database Interview Questions & Answers

  It is just like any other program. Triggers are called spontaneously on its own when a specific event occurs. Question: What is the difference between Hash join, Merge join and Nested loops? Answer: Hash-join: In this type of join, the database does full scanning of the main table, builds a RAM hash table, and then searches for matching tables in the other table. Hash join is faster than the nested loop join but consumes more RAM resources. Merge join: This join uses simple concatenation followed by sorting removing duplicates and is the most effective technique out of all the joins.

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• Top MongoDB Interview Questions And Answers

  Nested loop join: In this type of scan, the driving table main accesses rows through index range scan, and the result set of the driving table is nested with the probe of the other secondary table using the index scan method itself. Answer: Proactive updates are those that eventuate in the database before they become useful in the real-world. Retroactive updates come about after they become effective in the real-world. Simultaneous updates occur at the same time as they become effective in the real-world. Question: Differences between the clustered and non-clustered index. Answer: Non-clustered Index Defines the order of physical data storage even if they are inserted in random order.

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• RDBMS Interview Questions

  Does not sort the physical data. Indexes are stored in a different place than the actual data Only one clustered index per table as data can be sorted in a single way only More than one non-clustered index in a table is possible In many databases, primary key constraint creates a clustered index on the same column. Consumes storage space. Question: Difference between specialization and generalization?

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• DBMS Interview Questions And Answers

  Edgar F. Codd proposed the relational model in A database language may also incorporate features like: DBMS-specific Configuration and management of storage engine Computations to modification of query results by computations, like summing, counting, averaging, grouping, sorting and cross-referencing Constraint enforcement Application Programming Interface 7 What do database languages do? As special-purpose languages, they have: Data definition language Query language 8 Define database model. A data model determining fundamentally how data can be stored, manipulated and organised and the structure of the database logically is called database model. The various relationships of database are: One-to-one: Single table having drawn relationship with another table having similar kind of columns. One-to-many: Two tables having primary and foreign key relation. Many-to-many: Junction table having many tables related to many tables.

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• SQL Server DBA Interview Questions

  Organized data void of inconsistent dependency and redundancy within a database is called normalization. Advantages of normalizing database are: No duplicate entries Boasts the query performances. Boosting up database performance, adding of redundant data which in turn helps rid of complex data is called denormalization. Manipulating data in a database such as inserting, updating, deleting is defined as Data Manipulation Language. It destroys an existing database, index, table or view. Its syntax is: DROP objecttype objectname. Full recordings of two tables is Union All operator. A distinct recording of two tables is Union. A database object which helps in manipulating data row by row representing a result set is called cursor. They are: Dynamic: it reflects changes while scrolling. Static: doesn't reflect changes while scrolling and works on recording of snapshot. Keyset: data modification without reflection of new data is seen.

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• Oracle Database Interview Questions

  They types of cursor are: Implicit cursor: Declared automatically as soon as the execution of SQL takes place without the awareness of the user. A query contained by a query is called Sub-query. Group-clause uses aggregate values to be derived by collecting similar data. Functions which operate against a collection of values and returning single value is called aggregate functions 24 Define Scalar functions. Scalar function is depended on the argument given and returns sole value. Restrictions that are applied are: Only the current database can have views. You are not liable to change any computed value in any particular view. Full-text index definitions cannot be applied. Temporary views cannot be created. Temporary tables cannot contain views. A 'correlated subquery' is a sort of sub query but correlated subquery is reliant on another query for a value that is returned.

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• Top 52 DBMS Interview Questions - Javatpoint

  In case of execution, the sub query is executed first and then the correlated query. Storage and access of data from the central location in order to take some strategic decision is called Data Warehousing. Enterprise management is used for managing the information whose framework is known as Data Warehousing. Joins help in explaining the relation between different tables. They also enable you to select data with relation to data in another table. Blank rows are left at the specified side by joining tables in other side. Indexes help in improving the speed as well as the query performance of database. The procedure of boosting the collection of indexes is named as Index hunting. Index hunting helps in improving the speed as well as the query performance of database.

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• Database Quizzes Online, Trivia, Questions & Answers - ProProfs Quizzes

  The followed measures are achieved to do that: The query optimizer is used to coordinate the study of queries with the workload and the best use of queries suggested based on this. Index, query distribution along with their performance is observed to check the effect. Tuning databases to a small collection of problem queries is also recommended. The disadvantages of query are: No indexes Stored procedures are excessively compiled. Complicated joins making up inadequately written query. Cursors and temporary tables showcase a bad presentation. Ways to efficiently code transactions: User input should not be allowed while transactions. While browsing, transactions must not be opened of data. Transactions must be kept as small as possible. Lower transaction segregation levels. Least information of data must be accessed while transacting. Executive plan can be defined as: SQL Server caches collected procedure or the plan of query execution and used thereafter by subsequent calls.

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• Top 50 DBMS Interview Questions You Need To Know

  An important feature in relation to performance enhancement. Data execution plan can be viewed textually or graphically. A data structure in the form of tree which stores sorted data and searches, insertions, sequential access and deletions are allowed in logarithmic time. Iterating over all the table rows is called Table Scan while iterating over all the index items is defined as Index Scan.

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• Top 65 SQL Interview Questions You Must Prepare In 2021

  Fill Factor can be defined as being that value which defines the percentage of left space on every leaf-level page that is to be packed with data. Fragmentation can be defined as a database feature of server that promotes control on data which is stored at table level by the user. Nested loop loop over loop An outer loop within an inner loop is formed consisting of fewer entries and then for individual entry, inner loop is individually processed.

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• Top 11 Useful RDBMS Interview Questions And Answers In

  Go through these SQL interview questions to refresh your knowledge before any interview. What is SQL? SQL is a domain-specific programming language that allows you to query and manipulate data within database management systems arranged in an optimized manner and categorization. This is possible through implementing commands in SQL that allows you to read, write, select and delete entries or even columns of the same attribute or tables. SQL also provides a very efficient way of creating a dynamic accessway between your programs, websites, or mobile apps to a database. For example, by inputting your login details on a user website, these log information is passed on to a database by SQL for verification and user restriction.

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• SQL Interview Questions And Answers - JournalDev

  What is the difference between a Database and a Relational Database? However, each type of Database Management System is preferred with respect to different uses. This creates a dynamic chain of hierarchy between tables which also offers helpful restriction on the tables. DBMS sorts out its tables through a hierarchal manner or navigational manner. SQL is framed upon the structure of relational operations.

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• SQL Interview Questions And Answers

  It is based on certain modifications and enhancements. What are different categories of SQL commands? What is SQL used for? SQL is used and is popular for server-side programmers for its ability to process a large number of entries in a database in a very fast and easy manner. This opens up to large improvements in data retrieval and manipulation. To expound on this, SQL provides the ability to execute, retrieve, insert, update, delete entries to and from a database. It also allows to create structures such as tables, views, and databases provided a unique name is given. It can also be accompanied by AS keyword to provide an alias.

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• Commonly Asked DBMS Interview Questions|Set 1

  You should always use it carefully to avoid unwanted data loss. Be sure to note that the record must be existent. DROP keyword drops or deletes a table within the database. SQL or Structured Query Language is a language which is used to communicate with a relational database. It provides a way to manipulate and create databases. It adds procedural features of programming languages in SQL. What is data definition language? A particular attribute of DDL commands is statements that can manipulate indexes, objects, tables, views, triggers, etc. Essentially deletes the table. DML or Data Manipulation Language is a set of commands that are classified pertaining to its capability to give users permission to change entries within the database. This may be through Inserting, Retrieving, Deleting or Updating data within tables.

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• Top 52 DBMS Interview Questions - Javatpoint

  TCL is a category of SQL commands which primarily deals with the database transaction and save points. These keywords implement the SQL functions and logic defined by the developer into the database structure and behavior. Data Control Language or DCL oversees the issuance of access and restrictions to users, including the rights and permissions required within the SQL statements. Revokes or withdraws the privileges given to the user. Define tables and fields in a database In terms of databases, a table is referred to as an arrangement of organized entries. It is further divided into cells which contain different fields of the table row. A field pertains to a data structure that represents a single piece of entry. They are then further organized to records. They practically hold a single piece of data. They are the basic unit of memory allocation for data and is accessible. What are different types of keys in SQL?

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