Civil Service Exam Ancient China

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• [FREE] Civil Service Exam Ancient China | updated!

  News and World Report, "The magnitude of their accomplishments was impressive. It would be as if a Henry Kissinger was a gifted poet. Or if W. H Auden was also a superb government policy specialist. Each cell contained a bench and table, and housed...

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  Each examination commonly lasted several days and was of unbelievable difficulty. In , for example, out of more than 14, candidates taking the examination in Peking, only slightly over passed. The reward for success, however, was entry into the...

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• The Confucian Classics & The Civil Service Examinations

  Once they attained their position, Confucian gentlemen made sure their sons studied the classics and prepared for the exams. In following centuries the system grew until finally almost anyone who wished to become an official had to prove his worth by passing written government examinations. It is recorded that the emperor himself conducted the earliest exams, posing questions to the graduates of the state academy and determining their role in government on the basis of their replies. From that time until this century, the exam system was central to government in China. Although the nature of the exams changed over time, the system was intrinsically a Confucian one.. Throughout the period from about to , the central imperial government held massive exams at the various capitals of China every three years. Those who performed best on these exams earned the right to receive government positions; the specific position was determined through a combination of exam scores, personal influence, and available openings.

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• Imperial Examinations (Keju) For Government Service In Ancient China

  To select the thousands of young men and men only who could compete for these exams, lower level tests were administered annually at provincial and county levels. The aspiring young man could expect to spend several years moving upward through this pyramid of exams.. Some were conducted annually, and others once every three years. The honors thus attained corresponded roughly to our B. This system operated with great regularity until it was finally abolished in Even today the government of China is officially pledged to its re-establishment, though in greatly modified form.

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• Chinese Civil Service

  Exam cells Confucian Examination System In late imperial China the status of local-level elites was ratified by contact with the central government, which maintained a monopoly on society's most prestigious titles. The examination system and associated methods of recruitment to the central bureaucracy were major mechanisms by which the central government captured and held the loyalty of local-level elites. Their loyalty, in turn, ensured the integration of the Chinese state and countered tendencies toward regional autonomy and the breakup of the centralized system. The examination system distributed its prizes according to provincial and prefectural quotas, which meant that imperial officials were recruited from the whole country, in numbers roughly proportional to a province's population. Elites all over China, even in the disadvantaged peripheral regions, had a chance at succeeding in the examinations and achieving the rewards of officeholding.

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• Chinese Examination System

  The uniformity of the content of the examinations meant that the local elite and ambitious would-be elite all across China were being indoctrinated with the same values. Even though only a small fraction about 5 percent of those who attempted the examinations passed them and received titles, the study, self-indoctrination, and hope of eventual success on a subsequent examination served to sustain the interest of those who took them.

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• CHINESE IMPERIAL EXAMS

  Those who failed to pass most of the candidates at any single examination did not lose wealth or local social standing; as dedicated believers in Confucian orthodoxy, they served, without the benefit of state appointments, as teachers, patrons of the arts, and managers of local projects, such as irrigation works, schools, or charitable foundations. The overall result of the examination system and its associated study was cultural uniformity--identification of the educated with national rather than regional goals and values.

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• What Was Imperial China's Civil Service Exam System?

  This self-conscious national identity underlies the nationalism so important in China's politics in the twentieth century. Some scholars estimate that as a result, as much as 40 percent of Chinese males at that time were literate. Having achieved this level of education, the vast majority of boys simply left school and went about their lives. This was true of boys from merchant as well as farming families. Only those from wealthier families or showing exceptional promise and having wealthy sponsors who were impressed by their potential could continue their studies and compete in the examination system. But young people now have more choices in life. The civil service is only one career path.

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• 10 Interesting Facts About China's Imperial Examination System

  And the public perception that some bureaucrats are more concerned with their own fortunes than that of the country is leaving an "increasingly sour taste" according to Jonathan Fenby, author of a History of Modern China. The communist mission statement is ruling China for the people, after all. The leadership changed hands in , but there is no sign of a Wang Anshi among them - someone ready to risk their career by turning the bureaucracy upside down. The lowest level of the Chinese imperial administration was the county seat, and in the county seat one took the preliminary examination, which, if passed, qualified one to take the examination at the second level, which was at the prefectoral district seat. The third-level examinations were given in the provincial capitol, and the fourth and highest level of examinations were given in the imperial palace itself.

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• Ancient Chinese Civil Service Facts For Kids

  Theoretically, he was to proctor the palace exams, although in practice he sent someone to represent him in that capacity. Once a Confucian Apprentice passed the local county, prefecture, and institute examinations to become a Cultivated Talent, it was but the first step in the imperial recruitment examinations. After achieving status as a Cultivated Talent, a scholar had to pass the examination of the Provincial Education Commissioner Supervisory Examinations before being eligible for the Provincial Examinations held once every three years. Usually held in the eighth lunar month, they were known as the "Halls of Autumn. The Metropolitan Examinations were also held once every three years, usually in the spring after the autumn provincial examinations of the preceding year.

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• History Of Psychological Assessment: Chinese Use Of Essay Examinations For Civil Service

  Those lucky enough to pass the Metropolitan Examinations were known as Passed Scholars. The Palace Examinations were then held about a month after the Metropolitan Examinations. The Palace Examinations were to confirm the number and ranking of successful examinees, all of whom appeared on the list of passing scholars, with the ranking directly determining their paths in officialdom. There were three grades in both civil and martial subjects of the Palace Examinations. Even a youth from the poorest family could theoretically join the ranks of the educated elite by succeeding in the examination system. The hope of social mobility through success in this system was the motivation for going to school in the first place, whether one was the son of a scholar or a farmer.

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• 2,000 Years Of Examinations In China

  This curricular uniformity had an extremely powerful effect on Chinese society, and the major impetus for this uniformity was the meritocracy promoted by the civil service examination system. In addition, because the list was issued by the emperor himself, it was called the "imperial edict. It often began with the phrase, "The Emperor, who governs with the Mandate of Heaven, declares that…" and would end with "Let such be known by imperial manifestation. Selected for display here are examination papers, subjects for the provincial examinations, passing lists, announcements of passing, and memorials expressing gratitude in relation to the imperial examinations.

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• Oh No, There's Been An Error

  It was only in the Song, however, that the examination system came to be considered the normal ladder to success. From the point of view of the early Song emperors, the purpose of the civil service examinations was to draw men with literary educations into the government to counter the dominance of military men. So long as the system identified men who would make good officials, it did not matter much if some talented people were missed.

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• Civil Service Exam Ancient China

  They wanted to be assured that everyone was given an equal chance and the examiners did not favor those they knew. Successful candidates were rewarded with great prestige. Their families could boast that they belonged to the sole recognized nation-wide elite, and were permitted to fly a special flag at the gates of their family compounds. They could expect that their successful son would bring to the family all the benefits that Confucian education, public service, and deeply entrenched customs of bribery could provide. Although the examinations were open to any adult male, regardless of birth, in practice families whose members had already achieved high rank through the examinations were at a tremendous advantage in preparing the next generation for success. It was such families who usually possessed the resources that allowed them to excuse their children from all economic contributions to the household in order that they might spend a dozen years or more devoting themselves solely to the study of examination texts.

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• Chinese Imperial Examination In Sui & Tang Dynasties

  The most important was the Confucian civil service examination, which gave men access to the highest level of government posts. These exams were based on a thorough mastery of the extensive corpus of Confucian classical texts, with their voluminous commentaries, of political essays composed by exemplary Confucians of the post-Classical era, and of the arts of poetry, calligraphy, and essay composition that marked one as a cultivated member of the Chinese intellectual elite.

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• Ancient Imperial Exams With Modern Relevance -- Medicoguia.com

  In addition to a very wide knowledge of the texts and their commentaries, exam candidates were expected to know a certain core group of these texts by heart. The texts that needed to be memorized included the following group, listed below with the total number of words, or Chinese characters, that they include: The Analects

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• Ancient China Civil Service

  Japan imitated it during the eighth to tenth centuries; its subjects include xiucai, mingjing, jinshi, mingfa, as well as medicine and acupuncture. Korean imperial examinations are the longest and most comprehensive ones among other East Asian countries. Vietnam was the last to abolish the imperial examinations. All three East Asian countries imitated China in their imperial examinations, which greatly raised their cultural levels. Tokyo: Yurindou, In: Koukusho itubun kenkyukai, ed. Koukusho itubun kenkyu, , Vol. Seoul: Mingwenku, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, Google Scholar Kang, H.

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• China Ancient Education

  The exam system contained the seeds of corruption, and corruption did occur, in spite of elaborate preventive measures. In one scheme in the midth century, code words allowed examiners to identify favored candidates, whose poor papers could be then replaced with promising ones. The offending examiners were caught and beheaded, and the cheating candidates lost all the qualifications previously gained. Some candidates armed themselves with miniature copies of the Confucian classics. One candidate even wore an undershirt covered with some , Hanzi the Confucian Five Classics and Four Books with commentaries fig. Preparation for the exams was protracted and arduous. It is said to have begun with pre-natal conditioning: A pregnant woman wishing for a gifted son would sit erect; would avoid clashing colors and strange food; and would hear poetry and the classics read aloud. Boys age 3 began learning characters at home, and began the study of the classics at school at age 8.

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• Imperial Examinations (Keju) For Government Service In Ancient China – Brewminate

  By age 15, boys learned and memorized the Confucian classics, in preparation for the exams. They also practised writing poems and eight-legged essays, and calligraphy. From ancient times, many poems were composed on the theme, "If you study while young, you will get ahead. Competition at the exams was fierce, and became more so with the passage of time. In the Tang dynasty , the average candidate for higher level exams was in his mid's, but in the Song dynasty he was in his mid's. Many candidates tried repeatedly, some eventually succeeding at the exams in their 50's. There is a story about the old age of a successful candidate.

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• Chinese Civil Service | History, Facts, Exam, & Bureaucracy | Britannica

  In the Song dynasty, at a palace exam the emperor noticed among the new jinshi a white-haired old man, who turned out to be 73 years old and single. The emperor in sympathy gave him a beautiful palace lady as wife. Some of the wits of the day quickly made fun of him, "The groom telling the bride his age: Fifty years ago, twenty three. To become an official was the most lucrative as well as honorable thing to do in imperial China. The lowest degree holders, shengyuan, became gentry and literati, who wore distinct attire and enjoyed exemption from labor service and corporal punishment. Some holders of the highest degree jinshi obtained official positions, and some continued to study in the Hanlin Academy. A few years of officeholding enabled a scholar to make enough money from salary, perquisites, and perhaps graft, to repay the costs incurred in obtaining the position, and still to retain a surplus to invest in land and in his children's education.

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• Civil Service Exam Ancient China (Page 1)

  The exams were in theory open to people from all socio-economic backgrounds except the "degraded classes," and some candidates were indeed from families with no record of civil-service status. But only a small minority, sons of elite families, could afford the time and money to study for the exams. And some men were allowed to inherit or purchase official posts, bypassing the exams. Women were barred by law from taking the exams, with the following exceptions. During the mid-7th and early 8th centuries the female ruler and emperor Wu Zetian allowed women to obtain highest degrees, jinshi, at the civil service exam if they were successful at poetry exams.

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• Civil Service Exam Ancient China Definition

  In B. By B. Scholars were tested for their proficiency in the Six Arts: music; archery and horsemanship; arithmetic; writing; and knowledge of the rituals and ceremonies, both public and those described in the Five Classics. The Sui introduced a rule that the officials of a prefecture must be appointees of the central government rather than local aristocrats, and that the local militia was to be subject to the officials appointed by the central government.

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• Imperial Examination

  Those who hoped to enter the upper levels of the bureaucracy then competed in the chin-shih exams, which tested their knowledge of the Confucian Classics. Throughout China, public schools were established for the benefit of those who were talented but indigent. Officials related by blood or marriage were forbidden to engage in business together, and members and relatives of the imperial family were not allowed to hold high positions. Higher-level Sung officials were recruited by passing the chin-shih degree.

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• History In China

  After , the chin-shih examinations were held every three years, and were open to anyone who had passed the qualifying tests on the local level. No official was permitted to serve in his home district, and officials were rotated every three years to prevent hem from building up a power base. The subject matter of the examinations was limited to the Four Books and Five Classics of Confucianism. Regional recruitment quotas were set to prevent any one region from predominating, and precautions were taken against cheating. By , the examinations lasted between 24 and 72 hours, and were conducted in spare, isolated examination rooms; sometimes, however, it was held in cubicles. The small rooms featured two boards which could be placed together to form a bed, or placed on different levels to serve as a desk and chair.

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• China's Civil Service Exam: Can You Answer These Questions?

  The examinations were often criticized because the ability to do well on the examination did not necessarily reflect the ability to govern well, and because they gave precedence to style over content and originality of thought. The Confucian examinations were finally abolished by the Qing dynasty in as part of its modernization program, and the civil service system was overthrown along with the Qing government in the Revolution of The short-lived Taiping regime was the first in Chinese history to admit women as candidates in the examination system. After the fall of Qing Dynasty in , Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the newly risen Republic of China, developed similar procedures for the new political system through an institution called the Examination Yuan, although this was quickly suspended due to the turmoil caused by regional warlords and the Japanese invasion between the two World Wars.

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• The Chinese Imperial Examination System

  The Examination Yuan continues to exist as one of the five branches of government in the Republic of China on Taiwan. Purpose of Imperial Examination System Candidates gathering around the wall where the results had been posted. In reality, since the process of studying for the examination tended to be time-consuming and costly if tutors were hired , most of the candidates came from the small group of relatively wealthy land-owning gentry. However, there are a number of examples in Chinese history of individuals who moved from a low social status to political prominence through success in the imperial examination.

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• What Are The Merits Of The Civil Service Examination In Imperial China? - Quora

  Under some dynasties the imperial bureaucracy became corrupt, examinations were abolished and official posts were either sold or given as political rewards. At these times, the public morale diminished, and some type of reform was often introduced to restore traditional Confucian values in the government. In late imperial China the examination system and associated methods of recruitment to the central bureaucracy were major mechanisms by which the central government captured and held the loyalty of local elites. Their loyalty ensured the integration of the Chinese state, and countered tendencies toward regional autonomy and the breakup of the centralized system. Elite individuals all over China, even in the disadvantaged peripheral regions, had a chance at succeeding in the examinations and achieving the rewards of holding office. The examination system also served to maintain cultural unity and consensus on basic values.

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• Chinese Civil Service Examination Essay Example | Major Tests

  The uniformity of the content of the examinations meant that the local elites and political aspirants across the whole of China were inculcated with the same values. Though only a small fraction about 5 percent of those who attempted the examinations passed them and received titles, the preparation for and the hope of eventual success on a subsequent examination sustained the interest of those who took them. Those who failed to pass—most of the candidates at any single examination did not lose wealth or local social standing; as dedicated believers in Confucian orthodoxy, they served, without the benefit of state appointments, as teachers, patrons of the arts, and managers of local projects, such as irrigation works, schools, or charitable foundations. In late traditional China, education was valued because success in the examinations assured upwards social mobility.

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